Athematic Conjugation (ATh)

- general remarks -

^AThS will denote the athematic verbstem.

The athematic verbs can be analysed as:

^AThS ^AThE

(1)

^AThS show gradation and they are generally formed as:

Class	^WS	■	^SS
II	√		^G√	(2)
III	^III:R√ √		^III:R√^G√	(3)
V	√ nu		√ no	(4)
VII	[¹K] ^√A N_i ²K_i		[¹K] ^√A na ²K	(5)
VIII	√ u		√ o	(6)
IX	√ nī ^KE, √ n ^AE		√ nā	(7)

Main conjugation scheme:

ATh				Pr			Impf
		Ind		Imp	Opt
1/sg/P	■	^SS mi	■	^SS āni	^WS yā ṃ	■	a^SS am
2	■	^SS si		^WS (d)hi	^WS yā ḥ	■	a^SS ḥ
3	■	^SS ti	■	^SS tu	^WS yā t	■	a^SS t
1/du		^WS vaḥ	■	^SS āva	^WS yā va		a^WS va
2		^WS thaḥ		^WS tam	^WS yā tam		a^WS tam
3		^WS taḥ		^WS tām	^WS yā tām		a^WS tām
1/pl		^WS maḥ	■	^SS āma	^WS yā ma		a^WS ma
2		^WS tha		^WS ta	^WS yā ta		a^WS ta
3		^WS anti		^WS antu	^WS yuḥ		a^WS an
1/sg/Ā		^WS e	■	^SS ai	^WS ī ya		a^WS i
2		^WS se		^WS sva	^WS ī thāḥ		a^WS thāḥ
3		^WS te		^WS tām	^WS ī ta		a^WS ta
1/du		^WS vahe	■	^SS āvahai	^WS ī vahi		a^WS vahi
2		^WS āthe		^WS āthām	^WS ī yāthām		a^WS āthām
3		^WS āte		^WS ātām	^WS ī yātām		a^WS ātām
1/pl		^WS mahe	■	^SS āmahai	^WS ī mahi		a^WS mahi
2		^WS dhve		^WS dhvam	^WS ī dhvam		a^WS dhvam
3		^WS ate		^WS atām	^WS ī ran		a^WS ata

Paradigms:

dviṣ

‘hate’

^SS = dveṣ

^WS = dviṣ

‘go’

^SS = e

^WS = i

‘be’

^SS = as

^WS = s

ās

‘sit’

^SS = ās

^WS = ās

‘eat’

^SS = ad

^WS = ad

Class II: √-class

(ad-class)

^SS = ^G√	(8)
^WS = √	(9)

Note:

an ‘breathe’, rud ‘cry’, śvas ‘sigh’, svap ‘sleep’, jakṣ ‘eat’:

S i ^K¬yE

(9a)

except Impf/2 ∨ 3/Sg/P:

S ī ∨ a E

(9b)

brū ‘say’:

^SS+ī ^KE

(10)

√ = [¹K] u :

^SS = ^V√, before ^KE

(11)

han ‘kill’:

han ^m^{∨ v ∨ y}E;	(12a)
ha ^¬mvyKE;	(12b)
ghn ^AE	(12c)

Paradigm:

‘sacrifice’

^SS = juho

^WS = juhu

Class III: reduplicating class

(hu-class)

^SS = ^III:R√^G√	(13)
^WS = ^III:R√ √	(14)

Note:

√ = [¹K] A: ^GA before ^uḥE	(15)
also E of Ind/Imp/Impf/3/pl/P in Paradigms	(16)

dā / dhā: ‘give’ / ‘put’

^SS = dada /dadha	(17a)
d^h t^h > tt^h (tt only when both d and t are ¬H)	(17b)
imp/2/sg/P: d^hehi	(17c)

mā: ‘measure’

^SS = mimī;	(18a)
^WS = mim	(18b)

hā ‘leave’

^SS = jahā	(19a)
^WS = jahī	(19b)
jah ^AE	(19c)

Paradigm:

‘press’

^SS = suno

^WS = sunu

Class V: ṇu- class

(su-class)

^SS = √ no	(20)
^WS = √ nu	(21)

Note:

√ = [¹K] A: u of nu may optionally fall before^m^{∨ v}E	(22)
Imp/2/Sg/P has no ending	(23)

āp ‘obtain’

nu never loses the u	(24a)
Imp/2/Sg/P: āpnuhi	(24b)

Paradigm:

rudh

‘obstruct’

^SS = ruṇadh

^WS = rundh

Class VII: infix nasal class

(rudh-class)

^SS = [¹K] ^√A na ²K		(25)
^WS = [¹K] ^√A N_i ²K_i		(26)
except when ²K = Ś° ∨ h°:	^WS = [¹K] ^√A ṃ ²K	(27)

Paradigms:

tan

‘press’

^SS = tano

^WS = tanu

kṛ

‘do’

^SS = karo

^WS = kuru

Class VIII: u-class

(tan-class)

^SS = √ o	(28)
^WS = √ u	(29)

conjugated as V

(30)

Note:

√ = [¹K] A: u of nu may optionally fall before ^m^{∨ v}E	(31)
Imp/2/Sg/P has no ending	(32)

kṛ ‘do’

the u of nu allways falls before ^m^{∨ v}E

(33)

Paradigms:

krī

‘buy’

^SS = krīṇā

^WF = krīṇī ^KE

^WF = krīṇ ^AE

jñā

‘know’

^SS = jānā

^WF = jānī^KE

^WF = jān^AE

Class IX: nā-class

(krī-class)

^SS = √ nā	(34)
^WF = √ nī ^KE	(35)
^WF = √ n ^AE	(36)

Note:

√ = [¹K] A ²K

^Imp/2/sg/PE = āna

(37)

e.g. gṛhāṇa from grah ‘take’ instead of *gṛhṇāhi